DOI: https://doi.org/10.55373/mjchem.v28i1.283

Keywords: Detergent, biotoxic, hemolysis, phosphate, environmental

Abstract

This study evaluates quality parameters and environmental indices to assess the performance and eco-friendliness of commercial detergents available in the Iraqi market. The detergents were analyzed for key performance metrics, including detergency, solubility, foaming ability, pH, wetting performance, emulsion stability, and cleaning efficiency. The environmental impact was assessed by measuring phosphate levels and examining ingredient toxicity via beetroot and hemolysis assays. Furthermore, the heavy metal content (As, Cr, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Co) was quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that many detergent brands exceeded permissible limits for toxic metals and phosphates, which raises significant environmental and health concerns. Trade liquid hand soap exhibited the lowest toxicity and highest eco-compatibility. However, their cleaning performance was relatively inferior. Whereas Lifebuoy and Carmel demonstrated strong cleaning performance despite containing elevated levels of harmful compounds, and are easier to rinse off, highly soluble, and less biotoxic. Consequently, this research reveals the urgent need for stricter regulations, improved labeling, and increased public awareness regarding the composition and safety of detergent products.