DOI: https://doi.org/10.55373/mjchem.v28i1.63

Keywords: Fucoxanthin, Green extraction, UAE, SFE, DES, algae, Meta-analysis

Abstract

Fucoxanthin, a key carotenoid derived from algae, exhibits various biological activities, prompting interest in sustainable extraction methods. Green extraction techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional methods, which often pose efficiency and ecological concerns. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of green extraction methods in enhancing fucoxanthin yield from various algal species. A systematic search was conducted under PRISMA guidelines across Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect up to March 31, 2025. Eligible studies included in vitro or ex vivo experiments on algal fucoxanthin extraction using green methods, with quantitative outcomes and conventional controls. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4, applying a random-effects model to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) and I² to assess heterogeneity. Fourteen studies were included in the review, of which eight were eligible for meta-analysis. Green extraction methods showed a trend toward higher fucoxanthin yields that did not reach statistical significance (SMD = 2.21, 95% CI: –0.44 to 4.87, p = 0.10). Substantial heterogeneity (I² = 66%) was noted, attributed to algal species and extraction conditions. Some individual studies, particularly those utilizing UAE and SFE, reported significant yield improvements. Although not statistically conclusive, green extraction methods show promising potential to enhance fucoxanthin recovery while offering environmental and operational benefits. Further research is needed to optimize parameters across algal species.