DOI: https://doi.org/10.55373/mjchem.v28i1.154

Keywords: Alkaline extraction, Cocos nucifera, color strength analysis, dye yield, microwave-assisted extraction, natural colorants

Abstract

Microwave-assisted alkaline extraction (MAE) was investigated as an efficient method for extracting natural colorants from the mesocarp and exocarp of Cocos nucifera (Malayan Red Dwarf). The effects of microwave power, solvent concentration, and extraction time were analyzed to determine the optimal conditions for maximum yield. The highest extraction yield for mesocarp was obtained at 100W microwave power, 0.2M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), and 2 minutes of extraction time, yielding 30% and 49.50% dyes, respectively. For the exocarp, the optimum conditions were 100W of microwave power, 0.2 M NaOH (53%) or 0.4 M Na₂CO₃ (62.50%), with an extraction time of 2 minutes. In addition to yield optimization, color strength analysis was performed to evaluate the intensity and stability of the extracted dyes. The results demonstrated that the extracted natural colorants exhibited strong pigmentation, suggesting their potential application in various industries. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant effect of extraction parameters on dye yield and color strength (p < 0.05). The findings highlight the advantages of MAE in improving efficiency, reducing processing time, and enhancing colorant recovery compared to conventional methods. Further studies should explore the stability and applicability of these natural dyes in commercial products particularly in textiles, cosmetics, and food industries.