DOI: https://doi.org/10.55373/mjchem.v27i2.33

Keywords: 1,3-Benzoxazine; antimicrobial properties; derivatives; synthesis

Abstract

Heterocyclic compounds, including 1,3-benzoxazine, have significant biological activity and multimodal therapeutic effects. 1,3-benzoxazine and its derivatives are a priority in medicine due to their bioactive compounds, but synthesis methods remain exploratory due to its efficacy. The synthesis of derivatives of 1,3-benzoxazine is still an important method in the pharmaceutical discovery because of its antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial and its related properties have been well examined for their distinct structure. This study aims to review novel 1,3-benzoxazine and its derivatives for potent antimicrobial properties for pharmaceutical applications. 1,3-benzoxazine derivatives function against microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. This review found that derivatives such as 1,3-oxazines have antifungal and antibacterial effects against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, and Fusarium oxysporum. 3,4-dihydro-benzo[e] [1,3] oxazin-2-one derivatives showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Thionated-1,3-benzoxzine showed antifungal activities against eight fungal strains, comparable to fluconazole fungicide. Therefore, exploring the 1,3-benzoxazine chemotype model for cannabinoid receptor 2 can offer deeper insights into new pharmaceutical properties and broad-spectrum applications in medicine. 1,3-benzoxazine chemotype and cannabinoid receptor 2 intersection can target pathogens and modulate immune responses, potentially improving immune system combating infections by regulating cytokine production and immune cell activity.